Alcohol – related health and social problems

Alcohol – related health and social problems have become an increasing cause for concern in many countries. Data drawn from a variety of official’s international statistical reports and trade publications show tat the growth in the consumption of alcohol in some parts of the world has been much more rapid than in most other countries of the world.
Statistics which cover the period of the years show that the world commercial production of beer more than double since most beer is consumed in the years that is produced and in the country where it is produced, thread in production are reliable indicators of national consumption.
While in 1998, consumption had increased in many countries, seven Africa countries figured among those countries with a relatively high consumption had occurred in low – income countries where growth in other sector of economics development had not matched that in the beer industry.
In world health organization (WHO) believes that this phenomenon is likely to generate particular severe public health problems in those countries. According to a report released by this world today, the rapid growth of alcohol consumption in developing countries is likely to be followed after a time by an increase in alcohol – related problems that would impose a very severe strain on scare economic and social resources. This trend represents a serious threat to the capacity of increasing the number of countries that will respond adequately to the health – for – all challenge.
In some years ago, Gabon consumed 12 liters of beer per capital according to source, after some years, this rose to 135 liters, an increase of 1025 over many decades. The comparatives increase in the other countries with high consumption can not be over estimated.
According to findings, in 1960, Africa as a whole produced five million hectoliter of beer, this rose to 43.6 hectoliters of beer in 1980 an increase of 77. The comparative figure of Europe and the US were 86 and 104 respectively. Beer consumption per capital in Africa in 1960 was 1.8litres per capita. In 1980, it rose to 9.3litres, an increase of 416.
Statistics on the consumption of distilled spirits in Africa show that the consumption has remained constant. In 1965, Africa consumed 0.1 liters per capita. The same figure held for 1980.But this did not reflect the production and consumption of non commercial spirits, both legal and illegal. Similarly the figures for beer consumption in Africa did not reflect the consumption of non – commercial beer, both legal an illegal.
But the picture that emerges is clear: there has been a dramatic growth in alcohol consumption in the world. This is likely, after a period of time, to be reflect in a higher incidence of alcohol – related problems including physical, psychological, and social condition, these, in turn, will represent a very severe drain on the scarce resources of the countries concerned.


Hernia Health – Related Problems

Hernia is a sickness that has cost so many lives, so hernia should be given early treatment. Hernia occurs in an individual when part of the intestine pushes through the wall of the abdomen and appears as a bulge at the site. There are many sites where hernia occurs, although the commonly encountered type is that found in the groin. This type of hernia is known as femoral or inguinal hernia. Hernia may occur on the novel or near it, the hernia which occur on the novel is called limbilical hernia, while that which occur close to it is known as Para umbilical hernia. These two types of hernia are less common than the femoral type. Sometimes, hernias occur at former site of operation on the abdomen, particularly where the operation wound was not well closed or the wound did not heal properly. This type of hernia is called incisional hernia.
Groin hernia occurs more commonly in males, but can also occur in females in a few cases. In this kind of hernia, there is a weakness in the abdomen wall in the groin region about midway across the groin. It may appear on either side or, sometimes, on both sides.
The early signs are swelling in the groin which initially may not be noticeable but later on, the bulge starts to grow in size and becomes quite conspicuous. A good check is to give a deep cough and the swelling will increases in size. In some cases, especially in males, the protrusion may move into the scrotum.
As the swelling increases, initially, it can be pushed back manually into the body. Later on, it gets bigger still and lies almost permanently outside the body, especially when the patient stands up, but if the patient lays on his back this protrusion may move back into his abdomen. A situation such as this leads to complications later on, these complications, which often give rise to pain usually include obstruction and strangulation. In obstruction, the bulge refuses to be pushed back. In this state, the intestines are blocked and the passage of food is prevented. If this persists, the blood supply to the trapped intestine is out off. This blocking of the intestine causes swelling in the abdomen. The patient wriggles in pain and may, at this stage, vomiting such cases become emergencies which must be properly attended to in hospital by surgeons. In some cases or obstruction, the bulge can be pushed back successfully and a surgical operation can be arranged later for the patient.
Obstruction which cannot be pushed back requires an immediate surgical operation called herniorrhaphy. Herniorrphy may involve the repair of the weak abdominal walls, or the cutting off operation is carried out by a trained surgeon. Once a hernia is recognized, surgical repair should arrange to avoid complications.
Children also suffer from groin hernia. Groin hernia in children is usually due to a hole in the abdomen which ought to have closed at birth but did not.
In such cases the intestines produce into the scrotum.
The only effective treatment for all cases of hernia is surgical operation